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English name cassiterite
Tin oxide. Almost all of fe2o3, ta2o5, nb2o5, tio2, mno, feo mix, and occasionally zro2 and wo3. Square crystal system. The crystal has a short columnar shape with a square biconical shape, and a special knee-shaped twin crystal is common. It is also in the form of irregular granules, occasionally dense blocks. It is yellow, red, brown, black, etc. It is also white and colorless. Diamond shiny, mostly translucent - opaque. One-axis crystal, refractive index ne=2.093~2.101, no=l997~2.006, and the birefringence rate is 0.096-0.098. Darker people can see pleochroism, red (red-brown) - colorless. Strong dispersion of 0.071 (about 2 times the diamond). No cold light. Hardness 6 to 7. The relative density is 6.8 to 7.1. The cleavage is incomplete, and sometimes the parallel {100} cleaves clearly. Fractures are shell-shaped to staggered. It is mainly produced in pegmatite, high temperature hydrothermal veins and Yunyingyan, and is also common in sand mines. It is an important tin mineral and the main mineral for industrial extraction of tin metal. Among them, the transparency is better as a gemstone, and it is dominated by its high dispersion and high refractive index. Important places of origin are South America Bolivia, Southeast Asian Peninsula countries, China's Yunnan, Russia's Far East and so on. Gem-quality crystals from Bolivia, producing yellow, yellow, gray and colorless varieties; Spanish-made yellow-red varieties; and Nerbia's erongo, Mexico, Australia, Tasmania, the United States, the United Kingdom, etc. Ground. There are also transparent pale pink brown crystal fragments in China. In addition, China's Yunnan and other old areas are also famous for producing large crystals of cassiterite. Among them, the large crystals of cassiterite, which are found in the ravine of Fengqing County in 1991 and are 30-40 cm wide, 50-60 cm high and weigh 108 kilograms, are the best in the world.
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